The following is a very simple grammar for a tiny subset of English.
<sentence> ::= <noun-phrase> <verb-phrase> | <noun-phrase> is <adjective> <noun-phrase> ::= <proper-noun> | <determiner> <common-noun> | <determiner> <adjective> <common-noun> <verb-phrase> ::= <transitive-verb> <noun-phrase> <determiner> ::= a | the <proper-noun> ::= archie | jughead | betty | veronica <common-noun> ::= malt | hamburger | dog | shop <transitive-verb> ::= eats | likes <adjective> ::= happy | hungry | sleepyFor example, here is a way to derive sentence "archie likes betty".
<sentence> => <noun-phrase> <verb-phrase> => <proper-noun> <verb-phrase> => archie <verb-phrase> => archie <transitive-verb> <noun-phrase> => archie likes <noun-phrase> => archie likes <proper-noun> => archie likes bettyA parser for a grammar does this process backwards. It takes a purported sentence as input, and either finds a derivation of the sentence (and so claims that the input is, in fact, a sentence) or claims that the input is not a sentence at all.
Logic programming makes it easy to write parsers for grammars. There is more than one form of "logic grammar". We will use one that is fairly easy to understand.
A purported sentence is a list of symbols. Sometimes, it is convenient to specify a list as a difference of two other lists. If A and B are lists, where B is a suffix of A, then the list A-B is defined to be the list X such that A = X ++ B. For example, [archie,likes,the,hamburger] - [the,hamburger] = [archie,likes]. That is, A-B is the result of removing list B from the end of list A. It is only defined when B is a suffix of A.
You might imagine implementing a grammar by writing a predicate for each nonterminal, where A(X) is true if list X can be generated by nonterminal A. It turns out to be more convenient to use difference lists. For each nonterminal A, you create a predicate A so that A(X,Y) is true if list X-Y is something that can be generated by nonterminal A. Precisely, you write predicate A so that A(X,Y) means
A logic grammar consists of a predicate for each nonterminal and a collection of axioms, one for each production in the grammar. For example, here is a fact for <sentence> that comes from the first production.
Astarte: case Sentence(?x,?y). <- Var{logic} r. NounPhrase(x,r). VerbPhrase(r,y). Prolog: sentence(X,Y) :- nounPhrase(X,R), verbPhrase(R,Y)This fact says that a sentence can be a noun phrase followed by a verb phrase. Look at it carefully. It says that, to extract a sentence from the front of list X, leaving behind Y, you can do the following.
Astarte: case TransitiveVerb("eats"::?r, ?r) <- () Prolog: transitiveVerb([eats|R], R).This says that you can extract a transitive verb, namely eats, from the front of list X, leaving behind R, provided X has the form eats::R.
Using these methods, write a logic program that tells whether a list is a sentence, using the simple grammar above. Run your program on a few examples, including at least two sentences and at least two non-sentences. To test whether "Archie likes the hamburger" is a sentence, write
Astarte: Sentence(["Archie", "likes", "the", "hamburger"], []). Prolog: sentence([archie, likes, the, hamburger], []).Alternatively, in Astarte you can write the sentence and explode it:
Sentence(wsExplode "Archie likes the hamburger", []).The Prolog interpreter will respond with Yes or No. The Astarte line will succeed if the list is a sentence, and will fail if it is not. To print whether "Archie likes the hamburger" is a sentence, you might write a tester
Define TestSentence ?s. = Try Sentence(s,[]). then Writeln["yes"]. else Writeln["no"]. %Try %Define
For this exercise, use either Astarte or Prolog. To write in Astarte, read logic programming in Astarte. You must use logic programming style for this program. To use Prolog, use the following notes.
In prolog, you write [A|B] for the list whose head is A and whose tail is B.
Be sure to put a period at the end of every axiom. In Prolog, variables start with upper case letters, and constants start with lower case letters. Be careful about that. Predicate names also start with lower case letters. If you write Archie, you are writing a variable, not a constant. If you say
properNoun([Archie|R] , R).you are claiming that every word is a proper noun, since variable Archie can stand for any word at all.
Use the pl command on the machines in Austin 320 to run SWI Prolog. To use pl, first compile your file. If your Prolog program is in file myprog.pl, type
pl -o myprog -c myprog.plThis only compiles your program into an intermediate code. To run your program, use command
myprogYou will be prompted for goals. Each goal must end on a period. After a result is shown, you can type a semicolon to ask for more solutions.